Feminism https://www.morningsidecenter.org/ en Forced Sterilization: Exploring the History & the Present https://www.morningsidecenter.org/teachable-moment/lessons/forced-sterilization-exploring-history-present <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Forced Sterilization: Exploring the History &amp; the Present</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><strong>To The Teacher:</strong></p> <p>In this lesson, students learn about recent news related to forced sterilization as well as the history of forced sterilization and eugenics, then research and discuss aspects of this issue.&nbsp;</p> <p>Note:&nbsp; This lesson explores controversial and disturbing aspects of American history. Before you begin the lesson, consider how students may react and how you can ensure a supportive classroom climate for the group discussion. You may want to review these <a href="https://www.morningsidecenter.org/teachable-moment/lessons/teaching-about-controversial-or-difficult-issues">guidelines</a> on teaching about controversial or difficult issues.&nbsp;</p> <p>For more background on this subject, see the articles below, as well as the sources listing at the end of this lesson.</p> <p><a href="https://theintercept.com/2020/09/17/forced-sterilization-ice-us-history/">https://theintercept.com/2020/09/17/forced-sterilization-ice-us-history/</a></p> <p><a href="https://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/">https://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><strong>Introduction</strong></h3> <p>Share with students the following tweet:<br> &nbsp;</p> <p><img alt="Jayapal tweet" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="ffa838f5-1b96-415c-82f7-d65ab7a5d6c8" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/Jayapaltweet.jpg" width="598" height="525" loading="lazy"></p> <p>Ask students:</p> <ul> <li>What does this tweet refer to?</li> <li>What is “forced sterilization”?</li> </ul> <p>Share with students some of the information below:<br> &nbsp;</p> <p>In September 2020, Dawn Wooten, a Georgia nurse, filed a whistleblower complaint alleging that immigrant women detained at the Irwin Country Detention Center in Ocilla, Georgia, were receiving a high number of hysterectomies. (A hysterectomy removes a woman’s uterus, preventing her from having a child.)</p> <p>House immigration subcommittee member Rep. Pramila Jayapal later spoke with an attorney representing the women, who said that approximately 18 women at the center had been subjected to unnecessary gynecological procedures they didn’t consent to. Rep. Jayapal sent a&nbsp;<a href="http://jayapal.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DHS-IG-FINAL.pdf">letter</a>&nbsp;to the Department of Homeland Security, signed by 173 other members of Congress, requesting an investigation of what had happened at the facility.</p> <p>Forced sterilization has a long history, some of which is just now being acknowledged and discussed. In the United States, forced sterilization is rooted in the “eugenics movement” that peaked in the 1920s and 1930s. In theory, eugenicists advocated for eliminating reproduction in people considered unfit, specifically those with physical and mental disabilities. In practice, states began forced sterilization programs targeting people of color, women immigrants, poor people as well as people with physical and mental disabilities.</p> <p>In June 2019, the &nbsp;University of Vermont issued an apology for the forced sterilizations that resulted from the Vermont Eugenics Survey program it operated, in conjunction with the State of Vermont, from 1925 to 1936.The university now offers an online database detailing the history of the eugenics movement in all 50 states.</p> <hr> <h3><br> <strong>A Short History of Eugenics and Forced Sterilization</strong><br> &nbsp;</h3> <p>Share with students&nbsp;<strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1F6cqpsUq5skygO-2ywxWXR8HZw0KAkjJosxV_nOjAg0/edit?usp=sharing">these 12 slides</a></strong>, which provide historical context on eugenics.</p> <p>Read the slides with students, and discuss any questions that surface.</p> <p>Note: Slide number 10 discusses the case of Elaine Riddick, a North Carolina woman who, as a teenager, was raped and impregnated and, after birthing her son, was forcibly sterilized. It includes a link to a 4-minute videotaped statement by Riddick about her experience. Consider playing the video for students and inviting their responses.&nbsp;</p> <p>The video is here: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFJNX5bHYVI">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFJNX5bHYVI</a> &nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><strong>Independent Work</strong></h3> <p><br> Next, ask students to work in pairs to find out more about the history of the eugenics movement by delving into the University of Vermont’s database detailing this history in all 50 states. (Students may choose a state, or assign states for students to research.)</p> <p>Database location: <a href="http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/">http://www.uvm.edu/~lkaelber/eugenics/</a></p> <p>After they’ve read the information, ask each pair of students to discuss the following questions:</p> <ul> <li>What precipitated lawmakers in this state to pass sterilization laws?</li> <li>Who was targeted by the laws?</li> <li>What arguments could you make for or against sterilization laws?</li> <li>What do the passage of these laws and the continued use of forced sterilizations say about us a society?</li> </ul> <p>Next, reconvene students as a group and discuss the United States’ history of forced sterilizations. &nbsp;</p> <p>If students are interested in exploring this issue further, or want to take action on it, invite them to research the organizations that are working to ensure reproductive justice. Some of them are listed below.<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3><strong>Closing</strong></h3> <p><br> Ask students to share one thing that surprised them in their research or in the discussions.<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h3><br> <strong>Source Documents</strong></h3> <p>“Sterilization Operations Performed in California Mental Hospitals and Institutions for Mental Defectives, to June 30, 1941,” in the Statistical Report of the Department of Institutions of the State of California (Sacramento: California State Printing Office, 1941):</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/core/lw/2.0/html/tileshop_pmc/tileshop_pmc_inline.html?title=Click%20on%20image%20to%20zoom&amp;p=PMC3&amp;id=1449330_table29.jpg" target="tileshopwindow"><img 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"></a></p> <p>Effects of Eugenic Sterilization As Practiced In California: A&nbsp;1920s source document distributed by the Human Betterment Foundation in Pasadena, CA<br> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449330/figure/f1/?report=objectonly">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449330/figure/f1/?report=objectonly</a></p> <p>Immigration Detention and Coerced Sterilization: History Tragically Repeats Itself<br> <a href="https://www.aclu.org/news/immigrants-rights/immigration-detention-and-coerced-sterilization-history-tragically-repeats-itself/">https://www.aclu.org/news/immigrants-rights/immigration-detention-and-coerced-sterilization-history-tragically-repeats-itself/</a></p> <p>Rep. Jayapal’s letter to Homeland Security<br> <a href="http://jayapal.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DHS-IG-FINAL.pdf">http://jayapal.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/DHS-IG-FINAL.pdf</a></p> <p>Women’s History Review: Informing Red Power and Transforming the Second Wave: Native American women and the struggle against coerced sterilization in the 1970s<br> <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09612025.2015.1083229?scroll=top&amp;needAccess=true&amp;journalCode=rwhr20">https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09612025.2015.1083229 scroll=top&amp;needAccess=true&amp;journalCode=rwhr20</a></p> <p>University of Michigan Archive on Birthing Reproductive Justice<br> <a href="https://apps.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/reproductive-justice/overview/anticipating-reproductive-just">https://apps.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/reproductive-justice/overview/anticipating-reproductive-just</a></p> <p>University of Vermont Apology<br> <a href="https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2019/06/21/uvm-apologizes-for-a-eugenics-survey-that-ended-in-1936">https://www.sevendaysvt.com/OffMessage/archives/2019/06/21/uvm-apologizes-for-a-eugenics-survey-that-ended-in-1936</a><br> &nbsp;</p> <h3><strong>Groups organizing to stop forced sterilization:</strong></h3> <p>Latina Institute for Reproductive Justice: <a href="https://www.latinainstitute.org/">https://www.latinainstitute.org/</a> (@LatinaInstitute)<br> Sistersong:&nbsp; <a href="https://www.sistersong.net/reproductive-justice">https://www.sistersong.net/reproductive-justice</a>&nbsp; (@SisterSong_WOC)</p> <p>Project South: <a href="https://projectsouth.org/">https://projectsouth.org/</a>&nbsp; (@ProjectSouth)</p> <p>Black Alliance for Just Immigration: <a href="https://baji.org/">https://baji.org/</a> (@BAJItweet)</p> <p>National Black Women’s Reproductive Justice Agenda&nbsp;: <a href="https://blackrj.org/">https://blackrj.org/</a>&nbsp; (@BlackWomensRJ)</p> <p>Unite for Reproductive &amp; Gender Equity:&nbsp; <a href="https://urge.org/">https://urge.org/</a> (@URGE_org)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>Laura McClure</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2020-10-25T06:54:57-04:00" title="Sunday, October 25, 2020 - 06:54">October 25, 2020</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> Sun, 25 Oct 2020 10:54:57 +0000 Laura McClure 1509 at https://www.morningsidecenter.org The 1968 Miss America Protest - and its Significance Today https://www.morningsidecenter.org/teachable-moment/lessons/1968-miss-america-protest-and-its-significance-today <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>The 1968 Miss America Protest - and its Significance Today</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><h3>To the Teacher:<br> &nbsp;</h3> <p>2018 is the 50th anniversary of a landmark protest at the Miss America beauty pageant. The protest was part of&nbsp;a new period of feminist activism—one with renewed significance in the #MeToo era.</p> <p>This lesson consists of three readings that introduce students to the history and significance of the Miss America protest, placing it in the context of the era’s wider women’s liberation movement. The first reading describes the protest itself and the motivations of participants. In the second, students engage directly with a primary source document—a 1968 press release in which &nbsp;protest organizers explain their objections to the beauty contest. The third reading describes the larger context of the era’s feminist movement and discusses how that movement’s accomplishments affect us today. Questions for discussion follow each reading.<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <p><img alt="1968 Miss American Pageant protest" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="7b41e949-3343-4dba-84e7-449300374106" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/the_miss_america_pageant_protest.jpeg" width="500" height="755" loading="lazy"></p> <p><em>Miss America Protest, September 7, 1968.&nbsp; Photo by Bev Grant. See more photos of the protest <a href="https://www.bevgrantphotography.com/miss-america">here</a>.</em>&nbsp;</p> <p><br> &nbsp;</p> <h3>Reading One:&nbsp; Remembering the 1968 Miss America Protest<br> &nbsp;</h3> <p>2018 is the 50th anniversary of a landmark protest at the Miss America beauty pageant. The protest signaled the arrival of a new period of feminist activism—one with renewed significance in the #MeToo era.</p> <p>On September 7, 1968, more than a hundred women marched on the boardwalk in Atlantic City, NJ, near where the beauty pageant was being held. They threw beauty products and women's magazines into a "freedom trashcan," and crowned a live sheep Miss America. Others bought tickets to infiltrate the hall, unfurling a banner and disrupting the pageant.</p> <p>In the 1960s, the Miss American pageant was a major televised event. “Everybody tuned into Miss America back then—this was like the Oscars,” explained one of the protest participants, Alix Kates Shulman. Making national headlines, the protest thrust the emerging women’s liberation movement into the national spotlight. Writer and professor Roxane Gay described the demonstration in a January 2018 <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fifty-years-ago-protestors-took-on-miss-america-pageant-electrified-feminist-movement-180967504/">article</a> in Smithsonian magazine:</p> <blockquote> <p>On August 22, the New York Radical Women issued a press release inviting “women of every political persuasion” to the Atlantic City boardwalk on September 7, the day of the contest. They would “protest the image of Miss America, an image that oppresses women in every area in which it purports to represent us.” The protest would feature a “freedom trash can” into which women could throw away all the physical manifestations of women’s oppression, such as “bras, girdles, curlers, false eyelashes, wigs, and representative issues of Cosmopolitan, Ladies’ Home Journal, Family Circle, etc.” The organizers also proposed a concurrent boycott of companies whose products were used in or sponsored the pageant. Male reporters would not be allowed to interview protesters, which remains one of the loveliest details of the protest….<br> <br> The organizers obtained a permit, detailing their plans for the protest, including barring men from participating, and on the afternoon of September 7, a few hundred women marched on the Atlantic City boardwalk, just outside the convention center where the pageant took place. Protesters held signs with such statements as “All Women Are Beautiful,” “Cattle parades are demeaning to human beings,” “Don’t be a play boy accessory,” “Can make-up hide the wounds of our oppression?”</p> <p>The protesters adopted guerrilla theater tactics, too. One woman performed a skit, holding her child and pots and pans, mopping the boardwalk to exemplify how a woman’s work is never done. A prominent black feminist activist and lawyer, Florynce Kennedy, who went by Flo, chained herself to a puppet of Miss America “to highlight the ways women were enslaved by beauty standards.” Robin Morgan, also a protest organizer, later quoted Kennedy as comparing that summer’s violent protests at the Democratic National Convention to throwing a brick through a window. “The Atlantic City action,” Kennedy continued, “is comparable to peeing on an expensive rug at a polite cocktail party. The Man never expects the second kind of protest, and very often that’s the one that really gets him uptight.”</p> <p>The freedom trash can was a prominent feature, and the commentary about its role in the protest gave rise to one of the great misrepresentations of women’s liberation—the myth of ceremonial bra-burning. It was a compelling image…. But it never actually happened. In fact, officials asked the women not to set the can on fire because the wooden boardwalk was quite flammable.<br> &nbsp;</p> </blockquote> <p>The 1968 protest connected the oppression of women with many other forms of injustice, including racism. As historian Paige Welch explained in a September 9, 2016 <a href="https://theconversation.com/miss-america-1968-when-civil-rights-and-feminist-activists-converged-on-atlantic-city-64850">article</a> in The Conversation:</p> <blockquote> <p>Many now hail [the protest] as the opening salvo of the second-wave feminist movement in America. Less well known is that they saw the pageant as the nexus of many problems with American society: racism, war, capitalism and even ageism. The organizers had roots in radical leftist causes, including the civil rights and anti-Vietnam War movements.<br> <br> Upon descending on Atlantic City, women’s liberation protesters distributed a leaflet that proclaimed “No More Miss America!” In it they denounced the pageant as “Racism with Roses,” a pointed critique of an event that put white women on a pedestal while ignoring African-American, Latina and Native American women.</p> </blockquote> <p><br> After the event, protest organizers celebrated their success, but they also offered self-criticism. In a 1968 essay, organizer Carol Hanisch <a href="http://carolhanisch.org/CHwritings/MissACritique.html">noted</a>, “We didn't say clearly enough that we women are FORCED to play the Miss America role—not by beautiful women, but by men we have to act that way for and by a system that has so well institutionalized male supremacy for its own ends.”</p> <p>Nevertheless, the organizers were clear that their protest made an important impact. Later writing in <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=csGUOUsPK_gC&amp;pg=PA200&amp;lpg=PA200&amp;dq=%22When+we+read+the+morning+papers,+we+knew+our+immediate+goal+had+been+accomplished%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=25SJnNzeXV&amp;sig=l0xaDhbDmV0Ys7ZVm4zacc0MEa4&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiy5u_ey6ndAhViu1kKHXWVCakQ6AEwAnoECAUQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22When%20we%20read%20the%20morning%20papers%2C%20we%20knew%20our%20immediate%20goal%20had%20been%20accomplished%22&amp;f=false">The Feminist Memoir Project</a>, Hanisch explained:</p> <blockquote> <p>When we read the morning papers, we knew our immediate goal had been accomplished: alongside the headline of a new Miss America being crowned was the news that a Women’s Liberation Movement was afoot in the land and that it was going to demand a whole lot more than “equal pay for equal work.” We were deluged with letters, more than our small group could possibly answer, many passionately saying, “I’ve been waiting all my life for something like this to come along.” Taking the women’s liberation movement into the public consciousness gave some women the nudge they needed to form their own groups. They no longer felt so alone and Isolated.<br> &nbsp;</p> </blockquote> <p>In subsequent years, the feminist movement scored a string of political and social victories that would change the way that Americans of all genders think about themselves and their society.<br> &nbsp;</p> <p><strong>For Discussion:</strong><br> &nbsp;</p> <ol> <li>How much of the material in this reading was new to you, and how much was already familiar? Do you have any questions about what you read?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>According to the reading why did the women involved want to protest the Miss America pageant?</li> </ol> <ol start="3"> <li>Why do you think the Miss America protest was effective at drawing attention to the cause of women’s rights?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>What do you think of the tactics the protesters used? Why do you think they used them?</li> </ol> <ol start="5"> <li>According to the readings, the protesters cited some limitations to their action. What were their own criticisms? What do you make of these?</li> </ol> <ol start="6"> <li>The protesters made considerable efforts to address political questions beyond gender discrimination. Why do you think they saw these other issues as connected? Do you agree with them that the issues are connected? Why or why not?</li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3>Reading Two: No More Miss America! A Primary Source Document<br> &nbsp;</h3> <p>The following document contains excerpts from a press release written and released by the New York Radical Women in advance of their protest. The purpose of the press release was to communicate the reason for their demonstration and to attract the interest of the media. Consider what it might have been like to read—and write—such a document in 1968, as well as the impression it makes today:</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>NO MORE MISS AMERICA!</strong><br> FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE<br> &nbsp;</p> <p>On September 7th in Atlantic City, the Annual Miss America Pageant will again crown "your ideal." But this year, reality will liberate the contest auction-block in the guise of "genyooine" de-plasticized, breathing women. Women's Liberation Groups, black women, high-school and college women, women’s peace groups, women's welfare and social-work groups, women's job-equality groups, pro-birth control and pro-abortion groups—women of every political persuasion—all are invited to join us in a day-long boardwalk-theater event, starting at 1:00 p.m. on the Boardwalk in front of Atlantic City's Convention Hall. We will protest the image of Miss America, an image that oppresses women in every area in which it purports to represent us. There will be: Picket Lines; Guerrilla Theater; Leafleting; Lobbying Visits to the contestants urging our sisters to reject the Pageant Farce and join us; a huge Freedom Trash Can (into which we will throw bras, girdles, curlers, false eyelashes, wigs, and representative issues of Cosmopolitan, Ladies' Home Journal, Family Circle, etc.—bring any such woman-garbage you have around the house); we will also announce a Boycott of all those commercial products related to the Pageant, and the day will end with a Women's Liberation rally at midnight when Miss America is crowned on live television… It should be a groovy day on the Boardwalk in the sun with our sisters. In case of arrests, however, we plan to reject all male authority and demand to be busted by policewomen only. (In Atlantic City, women cops are not permitted to make arrests—dig that!)</p> <p>Male chauvinist-reactionaries on this issue had best stay away, nor are male liberals welcome in the demonstrations. But sympathetic men can donate money as well as cars and drivers. We need cars to transport people to New Jersey and back.</p> <p>Male reporters will be refused interviews. We reject patronizing reportage. Only newswomen will be recognized….</p> <p>We Protest:</p> <p>—The Degrading Mindless-Boob-Girlie Symbol. The Pageant contestants epitomize the roles we are all forced to play as women. The parade down the runway blares the metaphor of the 4-H Club county fair, where the nervous animals are judged for teeth, fleece, etc., and where the best "Specimen" gets the blue ribbon. So are women in our society forced daily to compete for male approval, enslaved by ludicrous "beauty" standards we ourselves are conditioned to take seriously.</p> <p>—Racism with Roses. Since its inception in 1921, the Pageant has not had one Black finalist, and this has not been for a lack of test-case contestants. There has never been a Puerto Rican, Alaskan, Hawaiian, or Mexican-American winner. Nor has there ever been a true Miss America—an American Indian.</p> <p>—Miss America as Military Death Mascot. The highlight of her reign each year is a cheerleader-tour of American troops abroad—last year she went to Vietnam to pep-talk our husbands, fathers, sons and boyfriends into dying and killing with a better spirit. She personifies the "unstained patriotic American womanhood our boys are fighting for."... We refuse to be used as Mascots for Murder.</p> <p>—The Consumer Con-Game. Miss America is a walking commercial for the Pageant's sponsors. Wind her up and she plugs your product on promotion tours and TV—all in an "honest, objective" endorsement. What a shill….</p> <p>—The Irrelevant Crown on the Throne of Mediocrity. Miss America represents what women are supposed to be: inoffensive, bland, apolitical. If you are tall, short, over or under what weight The Man prescribes you should be, forget it. Personality, articulateness, intelligence, and commitment—unwise. Conformity is the key to the crown—and, by extension, to success in our Society….</p> <p>NO MORE MISS AMERICA!</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>For Discussion:</strong><br> &nbsp;</p> <ol> <li>How does the language used by protesters 50 years ago appear now? Are there particular words or phrases that are new to you? Are there portions of the press release that might have been clear in 1968 that seem confusing today?</li> </ol> <ol start="2"> <li>What are some of the objections that the protesters make to the pageant? Do any in particular stand out for you?</li> </ol> <ol start="3"> <li>The authors of the press release note that they will only speak to women reporters. Why do you think this was the case? Was this a good idea? What do you think the impact of this decision might have been?</li> </ol> <ol start="4"> <li>The press release was intended to answer basic questions that one might have about the protest. Did it answer questions you had? What might you still want to know?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>To what extent have&nbsp;the protesters' demands been met today? Which challenges still remain?&nbsp;</li> </ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h3>Reading Three: The Impact of the Women’s Liberation Movement<br> &nbsp;</h3> <p>The Miss America protest was a part of a wider social movement. Although it was important in generating public awareness about a new wave of feminist action, it did not take place in a vacuum. Rather, it was part of and helped to fuel a much wider array of organizing, protests, and legal action. And this action had significant consequences. Over the course of just a few decades, feminists scored a string of important political victories. Professors Linda Gordon and Rosalyn Baxandall recounted the successes of the women’s liberation movement in a June 15, 2000 <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/second-wave-soundings/">article</a> in The Nation:&nbsp;</p> <blockquote> <p>The movement’s impact cannot be easily encapsulated. Its judicial and legislative victories include the legalization of abortion in 1973, federal guidelines against coercive sterilization, rape-shield laws that encourage more women to prosecute their attackers, affirmative action programs that aim to correct past discrimination—although not the Equal Rights Amendment, which failed in 1982, just three states short of the required two-thirds.<br> <br> But the most salient accomplishments occurred not in law but in the economy and the society, involving an accumulation of changes in the way people live, dress, dream of their future and make a living. Feminists turned violence against women, previously a well-kept secret, into a public political issue; made rape, incest, battering and sexual harassment understood as crimes; and got public funding for shelters for battered women.</p> </blockquote> <blockquote> <p>Because of feminist pressure, changes in education have been substantial: Curriculums and textbooks have been rewritten to promote equal opportunity for girls, in the universities and professional schools more women are admitted and funded, and a new and rich feminist scholarship has, in some disciplines, overcome opposition and won recognition. Title IX, passed in 1972 to mandate equal access to educational programs, has worked a virtual revolution in sports.</p> <p>As regards health, for example, many physicians and hospitals have made major improvements in the treatment of women; about 50 percent of medical students are women; women successfully fought their exclusion from medical research; and diseases affecting women, such as breast cancer, now receive better funding thanks to women’s efforts. In supporting families, feminists organized daycare centers, demanded daycare funding from government and private employers, developed standards and curriculums for early childhood education, fought for the rights of mothers and for a decent welfare system.<br> <br> Feminists have also struggled for better employment conditions for women. They won greater access to traditionally male occupations, from construction to the professions and business. They entered and changed the unions and have been successful at organizing previously nonunion workers such as secretaries, waitresses, hospital workers and flight attendants. As the great majority of American women increasingly need to work for wages throughout their lives, the feminist movement tried to educate men to share in housework and childrearing. Although women still do the bulk of the housework and childrearing, it is also commonplace today to see men in the playgrounds, the supermarkets, PTA meetings.</p> </blockquote> <p><br> Alongside these changes, there has been a more fundamental shift in the way that people think about gender divisions in our society. In fact, the very success of the movement in establishing a new “normal” has made it hard to appreciate the magnitude of the change in consciousness that has taken place over a relatively brief period of time. Journalist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Willis">Ellen Willis</a> recalled this transformation:</p> <blockquote> <p>Any woman who says that radical feminism has made no difference in women’s lives either is too young to have lived through the pre-feminist years, or has thoroughly repressed them. I lived through them, and remember all too well. I remember a kind of blatant, taken for granted, un-self-conscious sexism that no one could get away with today pervading every aspect of life. I remember, as a Barnard student, wanting to take a course at Columbia and being told to my face that the professor didn’t want “girls” in his class because they weren’t serious enough. I remember, as a young journalist, being asked by an editor to use only my first initial in my byline because the magazine had too many women writers.</p> <p>I remember having to wear uncomfortable clothes, girdles and stiff bras and high heels. I remember being afraid to have sex because I might get pregnant, and too tense to enjoy it because I might get pregnant. I remember the panic of a late period. I remember when a friend of a friend came to New York for an illegal abortion, remember us trying to decide whether her pain and fever were bad enough to warrant going to the hospital and then worrying that we’d waited too long, remember her fear of admitting what was wrong, and the doctor yelling at her for “going to a quack” and refusing to reassure her that she would live.</p> <p>I remember that I was supposed to feel flattered when men hassled me on the street, and be polite and tactful when my dates wouldn’t take no for an answer, and have a “good reason” for refusing. I remember, too, feeling pleased to be different from other women—better—because I was ambitious and contemptuous of domesticity and “thought like man,” while at the same time, in my personal and sexual relationships with men, I was constantly being reminded that I was after all “only a woman”; I remember the peculiar alienation that comes of having one’s self-respect be contingent on self-hatred.</p> <p>But such particulars only begin to describe the profound difference between a society in which sexism is the natural order, whether one likes it or not, and one in which sexism is a problem, the subject of debate, something that can be changed.<br> &nbsp;</p> </blockquote> <p>As the recent #MeToo movement has shown, sexism, harassment, and sexual violence persist as major social challenges. But the bold movements and strategies of the past did bring about significant changes, and that history is worth reflecting on.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>For Discussion</strong><br> &nbsp;</p> <ol> <li>How much of the material in this reading was new to you, and how much was already familiar? Do you have any questions about what you read?</li> </ol> <ol start="2"> <li>This reading discusses many of the changes made by the women’s liberation movement of the 1960s and 70s. What are some examples it cites? Does any change strike you as particularly important?</li> </ol> <ol start="3"> <li>What do you think the world would be like today without the feminist movement? How do you think your life might be different?</li> </ol> <ol start="4"> <li>Do you think that these changes would have taken place if actions such as the Miss America protest had not happened? How might the one protest have contributed to wider efforts by the movement?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>While Gordon and Baxandall&nbsp;point out some of the many gains achieved by the women's movement, today's feminists say much remains to be done. The #MeToo movement has highlighted the prevalence of sexual harassment and assault. The U.S. still does not provide everyone with&nbsp;universal childcare. What&nbsp;do you think women and their allies need to be fighting for today?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>Journalist Ellen Willis argues that the most profound impact the movement made was in moving from “a society in which sexism is the natural order, whether one likes it or not, and one in which sexism is a problem, the subject of debate, something that can be changed.” What do you think of this statement? How is it relevant today, given the problems that still remain?<br> &nbsp;</li> </ol> <p><em>—Research assistance provided by John Hess.</em></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>Laura McClure</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-10-14T10:54:51-04:00" title="Sunday, October 14, 2018 - 10:54">October 14, 2018</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> Sun, 14 Oct 2018 14:54:51 +0000 Laura McClure 1243 at https://www.morningsidecenter.org Intersectionality: What Is It? How Can It Help Us? https://www.morningsidecenter.org/teachable-moment/lessons/intersectionality-what-it-how-can-it-help-us <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Intersectionality: What Is It? How Can It Help Us?</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><h4>To the Teacher:<br> &nbsp;</h4> <p>Feminism was Merriam-Webster’s Word of the Year for 2017.&nbsp; The dictionary’s definition of&nbsp;<em>feminism</em>&nbsp;is twofold:</p> <p>1. “the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes”</p> <p>2. “organized activity on behalf of women's rights and interests.”&nbsp;</p> <p><em>Intersectionality</em>&nbsp;was another word recognized by Merriam Webster in 2017. Merriam Webster called it a “<a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/intersectionality-meaning">word we’re watching</a>.” The Merriam Webster definition of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/intersectionality">intersectionality</a>&nbsp;is:</p> <p>“the complex, cumulative way in which the effects of multiple forms of discrimination (such as racism, sexism, and classism) combine, overlap or intersect especially in the experiences of marginalized individuals or groups.”&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</p> <p>The word was added to the dictionary in April of 2017, even though it’s been around since the late 1980s, when civil rights advocate Kimberlé Crenshaw coined the term in a paper to help explain the oppression of black women. While all women are oppressed as women, Crenshaw argues that it is important to recognize that some women’s oppression is compounded by racism.&nbsp; This compounded oppression, moreover, disproportionately places women of color in the ranks of the working class and poor.&nbsp; Crenshaw and others have argued, as a result, that race and class must be central to the movement of women’s liberation if it is to be meaningful to women who are most oppressed.&nbsp;</p> <p>Of course intersectionality was a lived reality before Crenshaw coined the term in 1989. But creating a term for the interconnected and compounded oppressions of gender, race and class and allowed the dynamic to come into focus and be discussed in ways it hadn’t before.<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4><br> Gathering<br> &nbsp;</h4> <p>Write the word intersectionality on the board.&nbsp; Ask students if they’ve heard of the term.&nbsp; Do they know what it means? &nbsp;Consider taking it apart into “inter” and “section.”&nbsp; Consider what an intersection in the road is.</p> <p>Elicit and explain that intersectionality refers to the “complex, overlapping effects of multiple forms of discrimination, such as racism, sexism, and classism.”&nbsp;</p> <p>The term was coined in the late 1980s by civil rights advocate Kimberlé Crenshaw to help explain the oppression of women of color, as different from the oppression of women in general (including white women), and different also from the oppression of people of color in general (including men of color).&nbsp; Crenshaw and others since her have pointed to the compounding oppressions experienced by women of color.<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>Video Clip: Explaining Intersectionality<br> &nbsp;</h4> <p>Show the following Teaching Tolerance video clip to introduce intersectionality to your students:&nbsp;</p> <p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6dnj2IyYjE">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w6dnj2IyYjE</a></p> <p>Invite students to turn to a neighbor to discuss the video using some or all of the following questions:</p> <ul> <li>What are your thoughts and feelings about this clip?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>How did Kimberlé Crenshaw come to coin the term “intersectionality?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>What are your thoughts about the term?&nbsp; Why do you think it’s important to have words to describe people’s experience?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>According to the video “intersectionality refers to the reality that we all have multiple identities that intersect to make us who we are.”&nbsp; What are some of the identities portrayed in this video?&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>How do these intersecting identities work out for Jerry, Fatima and Gretta?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>According to the video “intersectionality” gives us a way to talk about the “oppressions and privileges that overlap and reinforce each other.” &nbsp;Why could this be useful?&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>How does it relate to the video we just watched?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>How do you see intersectionality relating to the people in your life/the people in your community?</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>Intersectionality &amp; the Women’s March in 2017 and 2018</h4> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Reading 1</strong><br> <br> <br> Distribute the first handout and invite students to read it. (<a href="/sites/default/files/files/Handout%201%20Womens%20March%202017.pdf">Download the pdf handout here</a>, or see it below.)&nbsp;</p> <p>Split your class into small groups of 3-5 students and invite them to discuss the handout after reading it, using some or all of the following questions:</p> <ul> <li>What are your thoughts and feelings about the article you just read?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>How does it relate to the notion of intersectionality we’ve been exploring today?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>What does the article say about feminism?&nbsp; White feminism?&nbsp; Black feminism?&nbsp; Intersectional feminism?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>How did different women feel unwelcome or excluded from the march?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>What does the article say about longer-term goals of the march?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>What does the article say about solidarity and unity?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>What does the article say about opportunities for learning and growth?</li> </ul> <p>Reconvene the class and ask students from each group to share their responses to some of the questions. Clarify any misconceptions you can, and record any questions that need further exploration.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Reading 2</strong></p> <p><br> Distribute the second handout and invite students to read it. (<a href="/sites/default/files/files/Handout%202%20Womens%20March%202018.pdf">Download the pdf handout here</a>, or see it below.)&nbsp;</p> <p>In the same small groups of 3-5 students, invite them to discuss the handout after reading it, using some or all of the following questions:</p> <ul> <li>What are your thoughts and feelings about the article you just read?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>How does it relate to the notion of intersectionality we’ve been exploring today?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>How does the article compare the Women’s March on Washington from last year with the Power to the Polls chapter of the movement this year?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>What does the article say about feminism?&nbsp; White feminism?&nbsp; Black feminism?&nbsp; Intersectional feminism?&nbsp; Do different groups have different responsibilities?<br> &nbsp;</li> <li>What does the article say about strategic organizing?<br> &nbsp;</li> </ul> <p>Again reconvene the class and ask students from each group to share their responses to some of the questions. Clarify any misconceptions you can, and record any questions that need further exploration.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>Closing</h4> <p><br> Ask students to turn to a partner to discuss what they learned about intersectionality today.&nbsp; Ask a few students to share out.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>Handout 1:&nbsp;<br> The Women’s March, January 2017</h4> <p><br> The notion of intersectional feminism received increased attention early in 2017, as energy around the Women’s March on Washington picked up. The march, which began organically as a grassroots effort on Facebook, was criticized almost immediately for failing to include women of color among its organizers.&nbsp;</p> <p>This changed as a more diverse team of women stepped up to help coordinate the effort. After the initial criticism, organizers took care to highlight the experiences of women of color and undocumented immigrant women.</p> <p>But all this opened up discussions about race, racism, and the often unexamined privileges that white women enjoy. What would true solidarity and unity in the women’s movement really mean?</p> <p>The march, which took place just one day after Donald Trump’s inauguration, brought up strong feelings, especially among women of color, about the fact that 53% of the white women who voted, had voted for Trump. A vocal segment of black feminists questioned the march organizers’ call for solidarity across racial lines, when white women hadn’t made enough of an effort to even win over a majority of their own ranks in the election.&nbsp; And where was the solidarity when, in the words of Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garcia, “our people are being killed in the streets, jobless, homeless, over-incarcerated, undereducated”?</p> <p>The discussion and debate caused some white women to voice discomfort. But the march’s national organizers saw the conversation as an important one that needed to be had.</p> <p>“This was an opportunity to take the conversation to the deep places,” said Linda Sarsour, a march organizer who is Muslim and who heads the Arab American Association of New York. “Sometimes you are going to upset people.”</p> <p>Said Anne Valk, the author of “Radical Sisters,” a book about racial and class differences in the women’s movement:&nbsp;</p> <p>If your short-term goal is to get as many people as possible at the march, maybe you don’t want to alienate people… But if your longer-term goal is to use the march as a catalyst for progressive social and political change, then that has to include thinking about race and class privilege.<br> &nbsp;</p> <p>Despite the changes in the march’s leadership and stated focus, the 2017 march was still seen by many as centering mostly on cisgender, straight, white, middle-class women and their issues. These issues include breaking the glass ceiling in corporate America (that is, getting more women promoted to executive positions), and getting a women elected President. &nbsp;(Note: the word “cisgender” or “cis” refers to people who exclusively identify with their sex assigned at birth. The term is used to call attention to the privilege of people who are not transgender.)</p> <p>Said Juliet Williams, a professor of gender studies at UCLA:</p> <p>In times like this, there is a real danger that feminism itself can function in an exclusionary manner by marginalizing less powerful and less privileged women and allies – the very people who most need feminism today.<br> &nbsp;</p> <p>That said, the 2017 women’s march on Washington, and sister marches around the country, packed a massive punch of resistance.&nbsp; Along the way, there were opportunities for learning, for growth, and for harnessing the power of that punch in the run up to the 2018 women’s rallies and marches that followed.&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4>&nbsp;</h4> <h4>Handout 2:<br> The Women’s March &amp; Power to the Polls, January 2018</h4> <p><br> Throughout 2017, Women’s March organizers worked to keep the momentum going and make the movement more inclusive.&nbsp; That momentum was helped along by the powerful #MeToo movement, which caught fire in October 2017, leading millions of women across the world to expose and demand an end to sexual harassment and abuse.</p> <p>The 2018 Women’s March events, which once again drew masses of people into the streets in cities across the U.S. (and beyond), called not only for an end to sexual abuse and violence against women, but also for reproductive rights, LGBTQIA rights, worker’s rights, civil rights, disability rights, immigrant rights, and environment justice.&nbsp; Women of color once again led the way. “This is a movement where we're trying to get people to understand that we must follow women of color, where trans folks and indigenous folks and other marginal people must be at the center,” said Women’s March co-chair Carmen Perez. “It can be hard for the people used to being in charge to step back.”&nbsp;</p> <p>The events also kicked off the next chapter of organizing, which activists called “Power to the Polls.” The aim: to get women and their allies out to vote in the 2018 midterm elections to support progressive candidates running for seats in the U.S. Senate, House of Representatives, and state and local government.&nbsp; (The mid-term elections include primary elections in each state, followed by a national general election on November 6, 2018.)</p> <p>Women’s March organizer Linda Sarsour told Elle: “<a href="http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/a15755101/power-to-the-polls-one-year-after-the-womens-march/">We’re working</a>&nbsp;on a ten-city tour of voter engagement and registration to bring training, momentum, and capacity building to local communities.”&nbsp; The goal, she said, “is to see headlines on November 7 reading … ‘It was women's political strategy that won back the House and the Senate.’” &nbsp;She added: &nbsp;"We are going to the polls to support progressive candidates who uphold our platform and values. Everyone will be held accountable to that progressive platform … even Democratic women.”</p> <p>For strategic reasons, the main event this year was held in Las Vegas, in the key battleground state of Nevada. &nbsp;The Women’s March organization sponsored a “Power to the Polls” rally in Las Vegas on January 21, 2018. Organizers said they aimed to mobilize disenfranchised communities in other battleground states like Nevada. Speakers at the event, including Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza and Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw (who coined the term “intersectionality”), emphasized the particular struggles of immigrants, members of the LGBTQIA community, and women of color.</p> <p>“Stand up for me, white women. Come to my aid,” Women’s March leader Tamika Mallory said in a speech. “You say you want to be my friend? I don’t want to hear it from your mouth. I want to see it when you go to the polls at the midterm elections.”</p> <p>And so as people marked the anniversary of the historic Women’s March on Washington, intersectional feminism took center stage in events across the country.&nbsp; Women of color took charge and led the way.&nbsp;</p> <p>Said Sarsour:&nbsp; “We need all tactics, all strategies, all hands on deck. And this is a moment where we have to all come to the place that, unity is not uniformity. But we can all still be aligned by mission, and hopefully we'll meet on the other side where there's justice.”</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>Sara Carrero</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-01-28T09:30:44-05:00" title="Sunday, January 28, 2018 - 09:30">January 28, 2018</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> Sun, 28 Jan 2018 14:30:44 +0000 Sara Carrero 1147 at https://www.morningsidecenter.org Feminism in 2017 https://www.morningsidecenter.org/teachable-moment/lessons/feminism-2017 <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Feminism in 2017</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><h4>To the Teacher:<br> &nbsp;</h4> <p>This activity uses tweets to have students consider some of the events that put feminism on the front burner in 2017 - from the women's march to the #MeToo movement.</p> <p>Consider following up the lesson with discussion of some of the issues raised, especially sexual harassment and abuse. See our lesson on <a href="http://www.morningsidecenter.org/teachable-moment/lessons/environments-encourage-harassment-and-how-change-them">Environments that encourage harassment - and how to change them</a>, which builds on the #MeToo sexual harassment awareness campaign.</p> <p><img alt="A protest" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="b977647e-3b69-4047-8a75-a467f1c088e7" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/TM%20%26%20Article%20protest%20photo.jpg" width="1266" height="800" loading="lazy"></p> <p><em>Photo: International Women's Day March in LA, 2017, by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mollyswork/">Molly Adams</a>.&nbsp;</em><br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>Gathering: Feminism Word Web</h4> <p>Ask students for their associations with the word "feminism" and record their ideas graphically on a web chart. Making webs often stimulates creative thinking. To make one, write a core word, in this case "feminism," in the center of the board or on chart paper and circle it. Student associations with the core word are written so that they radiate out from the center. Draw lines from the associations to the core word to create a web.&nbsp; Related ideas can be grouped.</p> <p>Encourage associations while energy is high. Ask open-ended questions to help prompt responses if the group is slow to engage. As energy tapers off, ask students to read what's on the web and ask some or all of the following debrief questions:</p> <ul> <li>What do you notice about the web?&nbsp;</li> <li>Are there generalizations we can make about what's on the web?&nbsp;</li> <li>Based on the words in this web, can you try to come up with a definition for the word "feminism"?</li> </ul> <p>Share with students that "feminism" was Merriam-Webster's "Word of the Year" for 2017.&nbsp; Merriam-Webster's definition of&nbsp;<em>feminism</em>&nbsp;is: "the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes" and "organized activity on behalf of women's rights and interests."&nbsp;</p> <p>Compare and contrast these definitions with those students came up with.&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Check Agenda and Objectives</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4><strong>Feminist Timeline 2017</strong></h4> <p>The word <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/feminism"><em>feminism</em></a> was a top lookup throughout the year <a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/word-of-the-year-2017-feminism">according to Merriam-Webster</a>, with several spikes that corresponded to various news reports and events. The general rise in lookups tells us that many people were interested in the word; specific spikes give us insight into some of the reasons why.&nbsp; As part of this next activity we'll look at events in 2017 that may have caused some of the spikes Merriam-Webster noted over the course of the year.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>Print several sets of <strong><a href="https://www.morningsidecenter.org/sites/default/files/documents-pdfs/Tweets%20for%20Feminist%20Timeline.pdf">these tweets</a></strong> and put them into envelopes. Provide each small group with an envelope containing a set of tweets and invite them to organize the tweets chronologically and look them over.&nbsp; Then, in their small groups, invite students to discuss:</p> <ul> <li>What do they notice about the 2017 events shared in these tweets?</li> <li>What thoughts and feelings do these tweets bring up? Discuss.</li> <li>Which stories had you heard (about) before?&nbsp; Which stories are new to you?</li> <li>Are there similarities/differences between the stories published more or less widely in the news in 2017?</li> <li>Do students feel there are tweets missing from this time line?&nbsp; If so which?</li> </ul> <p>Provide students with the timeline below (or use the<strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.morningsidecenter.org/sites/default/files/documents-pdfs/Feminist%20timeline%20handout.pdf">pdf version</a></strong>) explaining the various events mentioned in the tweets in more detail.&nbsp; Continuing to work in small groups, invite students to pick one or two tweets that resonate with them.&nbsp; Give each student up to a minute and a half to explain why a particular tweet, or two, resonates with them.&nbsp; Next invite students to discuss the following questions:</p> <ul> <li>What else did you learn about the more detailed descriptions of events discussed in this hand out?</li> <li>What do the events highlight about women, feminism and gender?</li> <li>What do the events highlight about other marginalized groups?</li> <li>What do the events highlight about the world beyond the U.S.?</li> </ul> <p>Bring your class together inviting students to share some of the main themes discussed in their small groups (without breaching confidentiality, i.e. sharing people's personal stories without their explicit permission):</p> <ul> <li>What did the discussion in your small groups revolve around?</li> <li>How does all this tie back to feminism?</li> </ul> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>Closing</h4> <p>What is one wish you have for women, or for the feminist movement, in the coming year?</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>Feminist Timeline Handout</h4> <p>(Also see <a href="https://www.morningsidecenter.org/sites/default/files/documents-pdfs/Feminist%20timeline%20handout.pdf">this pdf version</a>.)</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>January 21</strong> - Started by a Facebook post and organized in just 11 weeks, the Women's March brought together millions of women and men in cities across the country, and world, to protest gender oppression. While initial organizers of the march were mostly white, the organizing committee was quickly broadened, and women of color both led and participated in the march in huge numbers. Some 500,000 people marched in Washington D.C., where Donald Trump had just been inaugurated - after coming under fire for bragging about his assaults on women. At least 408 marches were reported to have been planned in the U.S. and 168 in 81 other countries. It was the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_protests_in_American_history" title="Largest protests in American history">largest single-day protest in U.S. history</a>.</p> <p><strong>February 6 -</strong>&nbsp; During a debate on the nomination of Jeff Sessions to be attorney general, Senate Majority Leader&nbsp;Mitch McConnell&nbsp; tried to silence Sen.&nbsp;Elizabeth Warren&nbsp;as she read from a letter by civil rights activist Coretta Scott King opposing Sessions' earlier nomination for a federal judgeship. McConnell interrupted Warren, saying: "Senator Warren was giving a lengthy speech. She had appeared to violate the rule. She was warned. She was given an explanation. Nevertheless, she persisted." The Senate then voted to prevent Warren from speaking on the floor for the remainder of the debate.&nbsp; But McConnell's words set off a social media firestorm, and turned into a feminist rallying cry.</p> <p><strong>March 7</strong> - The day before International Women's Day, a Wall Street firm installed The Fearless Girl sculpture, by Kristen Visbal, to demonstrate the lack of gender diversity and equal pay in the workplace.&nbsp; The little girl statue was placed right in front of the iconic charging bull statue on Wall Street, but the little girl stands up, firm and fearless, to the bull.</p> <p><strong>March 8</strong> - <a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/sex-and-solidarity/">American women celebrated International Women's Day</a> with a one-day strike in solidarity with women across the world, including the&nbsp;<em>Ni Una Menos</em>&nbsp;("Not One Less") movement against gender violence in Argentina, as well as Poland's massive grassroots movement against the elimination of abortion rights. In one Virginia school district, so many teachers called in sick that the public schools shut down. Organizers highlighted how, as inequality has grown and the social safety net has shrunk, women have been forced to work longer hours for stagnant or declining wages, while simultaneously taking on a larger burden of care for their families.</p> <p><strong>March 15</strong> - The U.S. women's national hockey team threatened to boycott the world championships due to stalled contract negotiations.&nbsp; Days of meetings ensued with USA Hockey, the governing body of the sport in the U.S.&nbsp; On March 28, after almost a full year of negotiations, the athletes prevailed:&nbsp; The players would be better compensated and USA Hockey committed to advancing girl's and women's hockey through programming, marketing, promotion, and fundraising.</p> <p><strong>May 14 </strong>- For Mother's Day, organizers with Southerners on New Ground, the Movement for Black Lives, Color of Change, and other groups raised more than $250,000 for "<a href="https://www.theroot.com/black-lives-matter-activists-bail-black-women-out-of-ja-1795113708">National Mama's Bail Out Day</a>." The campaign freed at least 30 women in Atlanta, Houston, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, and other cities, who were being held in jail before trial (mostly on minor charges) because they could not make bail. The campaign is part of an effort by 25 black-led organizations that wanted to collaborate on bail reform.</p> <p><strong>May 25</strong> - The U.S. Women's National Soccer team, which had been involved in negotiations with U.S. Soccer over equal pay for over a year, moved another step forward as the Senate unanimously approved a non-binding resolution calling on the U.S. Soccer Federation to&nbsp;"immediately end gender pay inequity and to treat all athletes with the respect and dignity those athletes deserve." At the end of March, the team had filed a federal complaint accusing U.S. soccer of wage discrimination.&nbsp; Their argument: The women players earn significantly less money than their male counterparts, despite the fact that they dramatically outperformed the men's national team for years and brought in millions more in revenue.</p> <p><strong>June 2</strong> - <em>Wonder Woman</em>&nbsp;opened to high acclaim in theaters across the country. The female-led and directed film became the highest grossing superhero origin film of all time.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p> <p><strong>June 27 -</strong> Women's rights activists wore red robes and white bonnets based on "The Handmaid's Tale," the 1985 novel and popular Hulu series, to protest proposed cuts to Planned Parenthood. Other <a href="https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/06/30/us/handmaids-protests-abortion.html">Handmaid's Tale-inspired protests</a> took place in defense of women's reproductive rights across the country.</p> <p><strong>July 27 -</strong>&nbsp; During a House Financial Services Committee hearing, California Rep. Maxine Waters questioned Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin on why he hadn't responded to a letter she'd sent about President Trump's financial connections to the Russian government.&nbsp; When Mnuchin evaded the question, Waters repeatedly declared that she was&nbsp;<a href="http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a47004/maxine-waters-reclaiming-my-time/" target="_blank">"reclaiming my time,"</a>&nbsp;a phrase used to reset the clock when people stall during questioning by a House member. Tributes to this tough senior legislator, a black woman, spread across social media.</p> <p><strong>July 31</strong> - Actress&nbsp;Yvette Nicole Brown&nbsp;marked Black Women's Equal Pay Day (which recognizes the additional seven months a black woman, on average, must work to make as much money as a white man does in a year) by posting a tweet about pay inequity:&nbsp; "I found out that as a series regular I was making just a smidge over what a white man was making as a GUEST star," Brown wrote, "Dude was just visiting."</p> <p><strong>August 11</strong> - Esteemed civil rights advocate and law professor Kimberlé Crenshaw's explanation of intersectional feminism went viral.&nbsp; Crenshaw coined the phrase nearly 30 years ago at the University of Chicago when describing the "intersectional experience" as something "greater than the sum of racism and sexism."&nbsp; Intersectional feminism examines the overlapping systems of oppression and discrimination that women face, based not just on gender, but on ethnicity, sexuality, economic background, and a number of other identities.</p> <p><strong>October 5 &amp; 10</strong> - A New York Times article written by Jody Kantor and Megan Twohey revealed sexual harassment allegations against movie producer Harvey Weinstein dating back to 1990.&nbsp; On October 10, the New Yorker published a story by Ronan Farrow detailing the stories of thirteen women who say that Weinstein sexually harassed or assaulted them between the 1990s and 2015.</p> <p><strong>October 11 </strong>- The Chicago City Council passed the <a href="https://www.laborandemploymentlawcounsel.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/224/2017/10/SO2017-3260.pdf">Hotel Workers Sexual Harassment Ordinance</a>, which requires hotels to develop anti sexual harassment policies and provide employees who work alone in hotel rooms with panic buttons. The law was passed after Chicago hotel workers came together for a "Hands Off Pants On" campaign earlier in the year, to help protect Chicago hospitality workers from sexual harassment and assault.&nbsp; A&nbsp;<a href="https://www.handsoffpantson.org/wp-content/uploads/HandsOffReportWeb.pdf">union survey in Chicago&nbsp;</a>in 2016 found that 58 percent of hotel workers and 77 percent of casino workers had been sexually harassed by a guest.&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>October 15</strong> - Actress Alyssa Milano tweeted:&nbsp; "Suggested by a friend: 'If all the women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted wrote 'Me Too' as a status, we might give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem.'"&nbsp; Within 48 hours, the hashtag was tweeted nearly a million times, according to Twitter.&nbsp; Some people simply tweeted "me too" while others opened up with intimate details of abuse they'd never before shared in public.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>October 16</strong> - Actress Alyssa Milano recognized Tarana Burke, the black woman activist who started a #MeToo campaign ten years earlier.</p> <p><strong>October 19</strong> - Tarana Burke <a href="http://motto.time.com/4988282/me-too-tarana-burke-interview/">expressed concern about the #MeToo hashtag going viral</a> without being centered on women of color: "Women of color, queer folks, differently abled folks and other marginalized communities — we always have to insert ourselves into this conversation. That's not a new phenomenon.&nbsp; And this work can't grow unless it's intersectional. ... Sexual violence knows no race, class, or gender, but the response to sexual violence absolutely does. Until we change that, any advancement that we make in addressing this issue is going to be scarred by the fact that it wasn't across the board."</p> <p><strong>November 6</strong> - Women, people of color, and LGBTQ candidates made by sweeping into office in state and local elections. "<a href="https://www.politico.com/story/2017/11/08/democratic-women-state-elections-244726">Gender played a huge role</a> in the campaigns this year," according to a Virginia House Democrats' pollster:&nbsp; Women running for office in Virginia took the Virginia House of Delegates from Republicans for the first time since 2000. Cities in Minnesota and Montana elected their first black mayors, and Charlotte, NC, elected a black woman as mayor for the first time. Virginia elected its first Latina and Asian American delegates. Across the country, Americans elected at least eight transgender candidates.&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>November </strong>- In the lead up to&nbsp;a "Take Back the Workplace" march in Los Angeles on Nov. 12, Latina farmworkers wrote a <a href="http://latinousa.org/2017/11/15/open-letter-latina-farmworkers-wrote-hollywood-sexual-assault/">letter of solidarity</a> to the women and men in Hollywood who had come forward with their experiences of sexual harassment and assault - and called attention to the situation facing farmworkers: "We do not work under bright stage lights or on the big screen. We work in the shadows of society in isolated fields and packinghouses that are out of sight and out of mind for most people in this country ... Even though we work in very different environments, we share a common experience of being preyed upon by individuals who have the power to hire, fire, blacklist, and otherwise threaten our economic, physical and emotional security."</p> <p><strong>November 15 </strong>- <em>Wonder Woman</em> lead Gal Gadot confirmed rumors that she refused to sign up for the superhero sequel unless accused Hollywood sexual harasser Brett Ratner was dropped from the franchise going forward.&nbsp; A month earlier, Gadot backed out of a dinner honoring Ratner, where she was to present him with an award.</p> <p><strong>December 12</strong> - In a special election for the United States Senate in Alabama, Democrat Doug Jones defeated Republican Roy Moore, a man accused of sexually abusing multiple teenage girls at a time when women all over the country were speaking out against sexual harassment and assault.&nbsp; It was a stunning election upset in a traditionally deeply red state that overwhelmingly voted for Donald Trump a year earlier.&nbsp;</p> <p><strong>December 6</strong> - Time Magazine named The Silence Breakers of the #MeToo movement its "Person of the Year," acknowledging the power of the movement in 2017.&nbsp;&nbsp; Questions quickly arose about why Tarana Burke, the black woman who founded the movement, wasn't on the cover.</p> <p><strong>December 21</strong> - <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/dec/21/we-created-the-metoo-movement-now-its-time-for-hertoo">Tarana Burke and Alyssa Milano</a> joined forces with UnicefUSA to say #HerToo. In an article in the Guardian, Burke and Milano pledged to build on the power and solidarity of #MeToo to embrace #HerToo: "#HerToo is about our deepest desire to ensure the dignity of every woman and girl is honored. It's about our personal dedication to building a culture of respect where it is sorely lacking. &nbsp;It is about work we all must undertake ... to end discrimination and violence against girls and women - and against all children suffering violence and harassment - worldwide, through education, protection and policy reform."</p> <p><strong>December 31</strong> - #MeToo Founder Tarana Burke kicked off the NYC Times Square countdown to the New Year.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>fionta</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2018-01-01T09:24:40-05:00" title="Monday, January 1, 2018 - 09:24">January 1, 2018</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> Mon, 01 Jan 2018 14:24:40 +0000 fionta 288 at https://www.morningsidecenter.org #MeToo: It's About Power https://www.morningsidecenter.org/teachable-moment/lessons/metoo-its-about-power <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>#MeToo: It&#039;s About Power</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><h4>To the Teacher:&nbsp;</h4> <p>This activity uses tweets, readings, and small-group discussion to help students grapple with the #MeToo movement, and how it relates to the power - or lack of power - of women. Use the background information below to inform your discussion.</p> <p>In 2017, millions of women around the world broke their silence about sexual misconduct, harassment, and assault in their lives; the year when at least some of their voices were finally heard and acknowledged in what became known as the&nbsp;#MeToo movement.</p> <p>It started in October of that year, when actress Alyssa Milano took the suggestion of a friend of a friend and tweeted: "If you've been sexually harassed or assaulted write 'me too' as a reply to this tweet." Following her appeal, the #MeToo hashtag was tweeted nearly a million times in 48 hours.</p> <p>#MeToo opened up a global floodgate. The movement gained in power and visibility as women used the hashtag to broadcast their stories or simply acknowledge that they too had experienced sexual harassment or assault. Powerful men were exposed and several were made to pay a long overdue price for their misconduct.&nbsp;</p> <p>In December, Time Magazine recognized "the Silence Breakers" as Person of the Year for 2017. Through the #MeToo movement, women had demonstrated that there is power in numbers. They pushed back on a culture that has condoned and perpetuated sexism and misogyny since time immemorial; a culture that has intimidated and silenced them, allowing the abuse to continue and thrive.</p> <p>Activist Tarana Burke watched things unfold with some trepidation.&nbsp; Her original "Me, Too" campaign, launched a decade earlier, had sought to support survivors of sexual violence who were poor, marginalized, underrepresented and invisible - mostly young &nbsp;women of color without communities to support and protect them.&nbsp;</p> <p>Burke wondered: Why were we hearing so few stories from low-income women of color through the #MeToo movement? &nbsp;"<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/us/me-too-movement-tarana-burke.html">Initially I panicked</a>," Burke said. "I felt a sense of dread, because something that was part of my life's work was going to be co-opted and taken from me and used for a purpose that I hadn't originally intended."&nbsp; That's when a friend told her to insert herself into the conversation. &nbsp;So, says Burke, "I posted a video to Twitter about how empathy can help survivors of sexual assault. It went viral in a way that was like, 'We won't let this black woman be erased from her work.'"</p> <p>Milano said she hadn't known about Burke when she first sent her tweet. She has since credited Burke publicly and reached out to her, looking to collaborate. "What the Me Too campaign really does, and what Tarana Burke has really enabled us to do, is put the focus back on the victims," Milano said in an interview on Good Morning America.&nbsp;</p> <p>On The Today Show, the two women appeared together.&nbsp; Burke shared: "<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/12/06/times-person-of-the-year-the-silence-breakers-for-speaking-out-against-sexual-harassment/?utm_term=.6e8201a13cca">This is just the start</a>. I've been saying from the beginning it's not just a moment, it's a movement.... Now the work really begins." And Milano added:&nbsp; "As women, we have to support each other and stand together and say, 'That's it. We're done. No more.' ... It's vital to me that we really set in some actionable things that we can do to continue this momentum."</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4><br> Gathering: &nbsp;Me Too Tweets<br> &nbsp;</h4> <p>Show students the following tweet:<br> &nbsp;</p> <p><img alt src="/sites/default/files/pictures/MeToo%20Tweet%201.jpg" style="width: 366px; height: 288px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid;"></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Ask students:&nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>What does the tweet refer to?&nbsp;</li> <li>Who is Alyssa Milano?&nbsp;</li> <li>What do you know about the #Me Too movement that swept across the country and world late 2017?</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>Show students the next tweet:</p> <p><br> <img alt src="/sites/default/files/pictures/MeToo%20Tweet%202.jpg" style="width: 366px; height: 132px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid;"><br> &nbsp;</p> <p>Ask students:</p> <ul> <li>What does this tweet refer to?&nbsp;</li> <li>Who is Tarana Burke?&nbsp;</li> <li>What do students know about the origins of the #Me Too movement?</li> </ul> <p><br> Summarize what students share and add information from the background information above as needed.&nbsp; Make sure to touch on the fact that activist Tarana Burke's original "Me Too" campaign, launched in 2007, sought to support survivors of sexual violence who were poor, marginalized, underrepresented and invisible; mostly young women of color.&nbsp; When #MeToo went viral in 2017, Burke wondered about <em>their</em> voices: where were their stories in all this?&nbsp; &nbsp;</p> <p>Invite students to reflect on the women&nbsp; who spoke up about sexual harassment and abuse.&nbsp; Who were they?&nbsp; Who were they <em>not</em>?</p> <p>For more information about the origins of #MeToo, see founder Tamara Burke's article, <a href="http://justbeinc.wixsite.com/justbeinc/the-me-too-movement-cmml">The Inception</a>.</p> <p><br> <strong>Check Agenda and Objectives</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>It's About Power</h4> <p><br> Ask students to break into small groups. Invite students in each group to read the four segments in <strong><a href="/sites/default/files/files/%23MeToo%20Handout%20-%20It's%20About%20Power(1).pdf">this handout</a> </strong>(which are also included at the end of this lesson) about the relationship between sexual misconduct and power.&nbsp; After each segment, allow time for students to discuss the questions below the segments.&nbsp;</p> <p>At the end of the reading and small-group discussion, bring the groups back together to process what was discussed.&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4><br> Closing</h4> <p><br> Show students the tweet below, or read it out loud.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p><img alt src="/sites/default/files/pictures/MeToo%20closing%20tweet.jpg" style="width: 450px; height: 161px; border-width: 1px; border-style: solid;"><br> <br> &nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>Ask students to share one thing they learned from today's lesson.&nbsp; Or,</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Ask students to share one thing they think would help address the underlying problems uncovered through the #MeToo movement.</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4>&nbsp;</h4> <h3><a href="/sites/default/files/files/%23MeToo%20Handout%20-%20It's%20About%20Power(1).pdf">Handout: It's About Power</a></h3> <h4><br> 1. Power &amp; Gender</h4> <p>Women are all too often singled out for sexual harassment in the workplace. A 2015 study of workplace harassment in Australia found that women&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150701093858.htm">filed nine out of 10 workplace harassment complaints</a>, as just one example.&nbsp; Because of sexism, women are seen as sexual objects; as Andrea Dworkin&nbsp;<a href="http://sexualobjectification.blogspot.com/2014/04/andrea-dworkin-and-objectification.html">wrote</a>, women "are treated as if we are subhuman, and that is a precondition for violence against us."</p> <p>Sexual harassment is also the direct result of patriarchy—a system in which men hold the majority of the power, and in which masculinity is glorified. In patriarchy, masculinity and power are bound together.... Men usually signal and assert power in patriarchy by sexually dominating and humiliating women. But they can also signal power by sexually humiliating men—particularly men of color, gay men, and young men. ... Sexual abuse, then, is not about sexual attraction or gratification; it's an assertion of, and an abuse of, power.</p> <p>(<a href="https://qz.com/1102376/its-time-to-stop-worshipping-powerful-men/">Noah Berlatsky, Quartz</a>)<br> &nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Discuss:</strong></p> <ul> <li>What are your thoughts and feelings about what you just read?</li> <li>What stood out for you?</li> <li>What does the piece say about power?</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4><br> 2. Power &amp; Work</h4> <p>"What it's really about is work, and women's equality in the workplace, and more broadly, about the rot at the core of our power structures that makes it harder for women to do work because the whole thing is tipped toward men.&nbsp; Sexual assault is one symptom of that imbalance, but it is not the only one.&nbsp;</p> <p>The tales ... about rape and assault have been told by accusers who first interacted with these men in hopes of finding professional opportunity, who were looking not for flirtation or dates, but for work. And they have reported — they have taken care to clearly lay out — the impact of the sexual violence not just on their emotional well-being, not just on their bodies, but on their careers, on their place in the public sphere."</p> <p>(<a href="https://www.thecut.com/2017/12/rebecca-traister-this-moment-isnt-just-about-sex.html">Rebecca Traister, The Cut</a>)</p> <p><br> <strong>Discuss:</strong></p> <ul> <li>What are your thoughts and feelings about what you just read?</li> <li>What stood out for you?</li> <li>What does the piece say about power?<br> &nbsp;</li> </ul> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>3. Power &amp; Class</h4> <p>"While the media has paid the most attention to the unlawful behavior of high-profile harassers like politicians, actors, and executives, sexual harassment is even more prevalent for women in the largely invisible low-wage sector of the economy. Women ... [make up] <a href="https://nwlc.org/resources/jobs-largest-projected-growth-2012-2022-almost-half-are-low-wage-nearly-two-thirds-are-female-dominated/">two-thirds of all low wage-workers</a>.... They have fewer resources to access legal help when faced with... discrimination, are less financially able to leave an abusive workplace, and in some cases their immigration status may create a powerful deterrent to reporting.</p> <p>In industries with a strong gender hierarchy, ... harassment is widely accepted as part of the work culture. Many women in low-income jobs risk more than psychological trauma to say "Me&nbsp;too." They also risk fundamental security for themselves and their families....</p> <p>Federal law prohibits retaliation for <a href="https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/facts-retal.cfm">opposing sex discrimination</a>, ... but these laws ... act as a deterrent only to the degree that harassers know their targets might actually be able to use them.&nbsp; Even the most robust ... [law] is useless to the employee who does not know it exists, lacks the means to bring a complaint under it or who cannot afford ... the retaliation, including unemployment for the time it takes to undergo the process."&nbsp;&nbsp;</p> <p>(<a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2017/12/08/sexual-harassment-stakes-huge-low-income-women-metoo-must-help-them-too-katz-alejandro-column/928821001/">Debra Katz and Hannah Alejandro, USA Today</a>)</p> <p><br> <strong>Discuss:</strong></p> <ul> <li>What are your thoughts and feelings about what you just read?</li> <li>What stood out for you?</li> <li>What does the piece say about power?</li> </ul> <p style="margin-left:.5in;">·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4><br> 4.&nbsp; Power &amp; Solidarity</h4> <p>"[There are] abuses in myriad working class industries as well as some solutions. Hotel workers in Chicago ... have pioneered a "Hands Off, Pants On" campaign to combat rampant sexual harassment and assault by hotel guests; their demands ... [secured] access to panic buttons for anyone working alone. [Organized restaurant workers] ... have mounted a campaign called "One Fair Wage" to eliminate the low minimum wage for tipped workers, which forces waitresses to overlook harassment from patrons and managers in order to ensure that they'll be paid decently. The Coalition of Immokalee Workers in Florida has built language against sexual harassment and assault into its hard-won contracts and has actually managed to get abusive managers fired. These are struggles that we can learn from, and they must be expanded.</p> <p>One way for them to grow: by channeling the largely unfocused female solidarity demonstrated at the marches earlier this year into concrete collective action.</p> <p>High-profile women should [also] get behind the campaigns of those less famous, to make #OneFairWage the next phase of #MeToo. And journalists should dig into the pervasive problem of sexual abuse, which working women have fought for decades without acknowledgment."</p> <p>(<a href="https://www.thenation.com/article/sex-and-solidarity/">Sarah Leonard, The Nation</a>. Also see <a href="http://www.labornotes.org/2017/10/no-casting-couch-low-wage-women-lots-sexual-harassment">Labor Notes</a>.)<br> &nbsp;</p> <p><strong>Discuss:</strong></p> <ul> <li>What are your thoughts and feelings about what you just read?</li> <li>What stood out for you?</li> <li>What does the piece say about power?</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>fionta</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-12-26T14:44:29-05:00" title="Tuesday, December 26, 2017 - 14:44">December 26, 2017</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> Tue, 26 Dec 2017 19:44:29 +0000 fionta 289 at https://www.morningsidecenter.org Environments That Encourage Harassment ... and How to Change Them https://www.morningsidecenter.org/teachable-moment/lessons/environments-encourage-harassment-and-how-change-them <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Environments That Encourage Harassment ... and How to Change Them</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><h4>To the Teacher:</h4> <p>The&nbsp; news about Harvey Weinstein, a powerful Hollywood film producer who has been accused of harassing and assaulting women over many years, raises important issues for young people to consider.<br> &nbsp;<br> Be aware that this subject may bring up strong emotions, especially for students who have personal experience with harassment or abuse. The activity below does not directly elicit students’ own experiences with abuse; it focuses on the Weinstein case and the wider issues it raises. Nevertheless, consider whether this subject is one your students are prepared to discuss. If you are concerned that sensitive issues may come up in discussion, you might ask a counselor or social worker to be present.&nbsp; Please also read&nbsp;<a href="https://www.morningsidecenter.org/teachable-moment/lessons/teaching-about-controversial-or-difficult-issues">these guidelines</a>&nbsp;for teaching about controversial or upsetting issues.<br> &nbsp;<br> In this activity, students consider, together and in small groups, what kind of environment allows sexual harassment and abuse to persist –&nbsp; and what we can do to challenge such an environment.<br> <br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>A Backgrounder for the Teacher<br> &nbsp;</h4> <p>It was an open secret in Hollywood.&nbsp; The rumors of film producer Harvey Weinstein’s sexual misconduct had been doing the rounds for decades.&nbsp; He was said to prey on young women—actresses and models wanting to get into the industry and assistants working at the Miramax and Weinstein companies. &nbsp;He allegedly lured them into a hotel room or other private space, then appear naked or in a bathrobe, cajoling them into giving him a massage or trying to force himself on them in other ways.&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br> According to reports, many people knew about Weinstein’s behavior, but the producer was too powerful to be outed.&nbsp; For years, it seemed he was invincible.&nbsp; But all that changed on October 5, 2017, when &nbsp;the New York Times finally broke the story.&nbsp; Journalists Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey published an article titled&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/us/harvey-weinstein-harassment-allegations.html" target="_blank">Harvey Weinstein Paid Off Sexual Harassment Accusers for Decades</a>.&nbsp; Five days later, Ronan Farrow followed with a well–researched&nbsp;<a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/from-aggressive-overtures-to-sexual-assault-harvey-weinsteins-accusers-tell-their-stories" target="_blank">article</a>&nbsp;in the New Yorker, in which "multiple women share[d] harrowing accounts of sexual assault and harassment by the film executive."&nbsp; It quickly became of the biggest scandals in Hollywood history. More than 30 women have come forward with charges of sexual harassment against Weinstein.<br> &nbsp;<br> Sixteen former and current executives and assistants at Weinstein’s companies told Farrow that they witnessed or had knowledge of unwanted sexual advances and touching at events associated with Weinstein’s films and in the workplace. All sixteen said that the behavior was widely known within both Miramax and the Weinstein Company.&nbsp; According to Farrow, Weinstein got away with his behavior for so long because he had a web of enablers around him.&nbsp; They helped him lure young women into what Farrow called "professional meetings that were little more than thin pretexts for sexual advances."&nbsp; They paid off these same women and intimidated them into silence.&nbsp; In this way they insulated Weinstein from the repercussions of his behavior.<br> &nbsp;<br> According to the reports, people had kept silent about Weinstein’s behavior for years because they were afraid of retaliation. Weinstein was powerful enough to ruin your Hollywood career, make you an outcast in the business. &nbsp;When Hollywood insiders talked with reporters about what they knew, they made sure to keep his name out of it.&nbsp; In an article in Variety in 2015, Actress Ashley Judd famously talked about a studio mogul sexually harassing her in the late 1990s.&nbsp; She now says that this was Weinstein, but back then, she was a afraid to mention him by name.<br> &nbsp;<br> Once the reports about Weinstein’s abuse were made public, a number of men in the entertainment industry came forward to say that they had long known about the producer’s behavior, but had failed to speak out against it.&nbsp; Some expressed regret&nbsp; for this failure to stand up against sexual harassment and abuse.<br> &nbsp;<br> But behind the scenes, women had tried to warn other women about Weinstein in what are known as whisper networks. "We have to do that."&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/oct/13/harvey-weinstein-allegations-hollywood-enablers" target="_blank">Emily Best</a>, a film producer, explained. &nbsp;"The law doesn’t protect us.&nbsp;The culture doesn’t protect us. So we have to protect ourselves."&nbsp; These unofficial information networks have always existed, used by women to warn other women of men like Weinstein, who abuse their power to prey on young women.<br> &nbsp;<br> On a couple of occasions, the whispers and rumors about Harvey Weinstein made their way beyond Hollywood. In 2013 comedian Seth MacFarlane, when revealing the Best Supporting Actress nominations for an Oscar, quipped "Congratulations, you five ladies no longer have to pretend to be attracted to Harvey Weinstein."&nbsp; In 2012, the show 30 Rock, also contained references to Weinstein’s predatory behavior.&nbsp; The character of Jenna claims she "turned down intercourse with Harvey Weinstein on no less than three occasions."&nbsp; In an episode later that season, Jenna shares "Look, I get it. I know how former lovers can have a hold of you long after they're gone. In some ways, I'm still pinned under a passed–out Harvey Weinstein and it's Thanksgiving." &nbsp;And as far back as 2005, singer Courtney Love was caught on camera giving advice to young women in Hollywood.&nbsp; She hesitated for a moment, saying "I’ll get libeled if I say it" but then continued "If Harvey Weinstein invites you to a private party in the Four Seasons, don’t go."&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br> Love claims she was shunned by powerful Hollywood agents after speaking out in this way. This is a common experience for women who speak publicly about sexual abuse: They often face shaming and disbelief.&nbsp; They might face a social backlash and often pay a price professionally as well.&nbsp; In many cases, the men accused face no consequences. According to Laura Bates, who created the&nbsp;<a href="https://everydaysexism.com/" target="_blank">Everyday Sexism Project</a>, "When women do report sexual harassment, the outcomes are terrible. Over two–thirds of young women are experiencing sexual harassment in the workplace now, today. Eighty per cent of them felt unable to report it, but three–quarters of the ones who did said that nothing changed afterwards, and 16 percent said that the situation got worse."<br> &nbsp;<br> But in the Weinstein case, after a flood of on–the–record allegations of sexual abuse and even rape, things have changed: Weinstein was fired from his company and expelled from the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences. &nbsp;He has been ostracized by longtime&nbsp;friends and collaborators in the&nbsp;entertainment industry. Police in New York and London have opened up criminal investigations into the allegations of his sexual misconduct.&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br> All this comes on the heels of accusations of alleged sexual misconduct and assault by other public figures in media and entertainment like actor Bill Cosby, Fox host Bill O’Reilly, and Fox CEO Roger Ailes. According to the New York Times, O’Reilly paid $32 million in a single settlement with a woman he had harassed at Fox.&nbsp; The network did not at that point fire O’Reilly; instead they renewed his contract for $100 million. It was only after the Times exposed the settlement – and many other charges and cases against O’Reilly – that Fox fired their top host.<br> &nbsp;<br> Last year, Donald Trump also became embroiled in controversy over sexual harassment after a tape was released of then–candidate Trump boasting about his sexual aggression against women. At the time, several women came forward with allegations against Trump.&nbsp; They described encounters in which Trump groped them, kissed them without consent, and put his hand up their skirt.&nbsp; Trump and his team responded by belittling the women who came forward and calling them liars.&nbsp; Trump threatened to sue them and the organizations that reported on them, calling their allegations "fake" and "total fabrication."<br> &nbsp;<br> The stories about these men have an eerie familiarity to them: successful, powerful men whose predatory behavior has been allowed to go unchecked for years; in some cases millions of dollars in payoffs and legal threats to silence potential whistleblowers, and rumors that circulate to warn and protect, when the larger culture does not.<br> &nbsp;<br> In the wake of the Weinstein story, many women in Hollywood – and far beyond Hollywood – have demanded an end to the culture that tolerates sexual abuse.&nbsp; Many women and men have spoken out against this culture.&nbsp; A sexual harassment awareness campaign, #MeToo, inspired millions of women to post their own stories of abuse, shining a light on the &nbsp;pervasiveness of sexual harassment and sexual assault in our society.&nbsp; In an ABC News–Washington Post poll,&nbsp; 54%&nbsp; of women reported experiencing unwanted and inappropriate sexual advances.&nbsp; Of these, 80% said it rose to the level of sexual harassment, and one–third said the behavior went beyond harassment to sexual abuse.<br> &nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4><br> Gathering</h4> <p>Invite students to look at the following tweet and/or read the Scott Rosenberg Facebook quote below.&nbsp; Together these two social media posts touch on how women who speak up about sexual harassment are often treated and how the bystanders and witnesses tend to keep quiet. These behaviors help perpetuate an environment in which women are abused and then are not believed or are shunned if they speak up about it.<br> &nbsp;<br> <br> <strong>Tweet by "Sarah": </strong><br> &nbsp;<img alt src="/sites/default/files/pictures/lessontweet.png" style="width: 481px; height: 214px;"><br> &nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>Invite student reflections on this quote.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</li> <li>What news story is it referring to?</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br> <strong>Facebook post by actor Scott Rosenberg:</strong><br> &nbsp;<br> "Let’s be perfectly clear about one thing.&nbsp; Everybody ... knew.<br> ...<br> In the end, I was complicit.<br> I didn't say s—.<br> I didn't do s—.<br> Harvey was nothing but wonderful to me.<br> So I reaped the rewards and I kept my mouth shut.<br> And for that, once again, I am sorry."<br> &nbsp;</p> <ul> <li>Invite student reflections on this quote.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li> <li>What news story is it referring to?</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>What Keeps Women from Coming Forward?</h4> <p>&nbsp;<br> Invite students to read Handout #1, which is about why often women do not come forward to accuse men like Harvey Weinstein of abuse.&nbsp; (The handout is at the bottom of this lesson.)<br> &nbsp;<br> Next, discuss with students some or all of the following questions:</p> <ul> <li>Why do you think "K" says that it is disheartening to see the comments blaming women for not speaking up?</li> <li>What might be the consequences for women of speaking up?</li> <li>What is "cognitive dissonance"?&nbsp; How does it apply to blaming women for their own persecution?</li> <li>Discuss the last sentence, or send have a go–round so that everyone has a chance to share:&nbsp;</li> </ul> <div class="rteindent1">"It is not the women's job to monitor men's behavior. We are doing the best we can with what we have to survive in a world that depends on our subjugation."</div> <p>&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <p>&nbsp;</p> <h4>What is the Environment that Allows Sexual Harassment and Abuse to Persist?</h4> <p>&nbsp;<br> Split your class into six groups of between three and five students. Give two of the groups Handout #2; give another two of the groups Handout #3; and give the remaining two groups Handout #4. &nbsp;&nbsp;If the math isn’t quite right for your class, just make sure that each of the three handouts is read by at least one small group.&nbsp; These handouts are included at the end of this lesson.<br> &nbsp;<br> All three handouts explore the environment that allows sexual harassment and abuse to persist.&nbsp; Invite students in their small groups to read their handout, then discuss the questions that follow.&nbsp; After about 10–15 minutes, bring the groups back together.&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br> Have the group(s) that read Handout 2 share what their reading was about and what they discussed.&nbsp; Ask the other two groups to do the same.&nbsp; &nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4>&nbsp;<br> What Does the Environment Look Like and What Can We Do to Interrupt It?</h4> <p><br> Next, ask students to get back into the same small groups, and give all students Handout #5 (which is at the end of this lesson).&nbsp; Ask student to read the handout in their small groups, and then discuss the questions that follow.<br> &nbsp;<br> Back in the large group, facilitate a discussion about what was shared in the smaller groups, using some or all of the questions above.&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4><br> Closing</h4> <p>&nbsp;<br> What is one thing you’ll start doing, stop doing or keep doing as a result of today’s lesson?<br clear="all"> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4>&nbsp;</h4> <h4>Handout #1:&nbsp; What Keeps Women from Coming Forward?<br> &nbsp;</h4> <p><em>Many people commented on the New York Times’ expose of Harvey Weinstein’s serial sexual abuse, published on October 10, 2017. Many of those who commented blamed his victims for not coming forward about the abuse they had suffered. In response, "K" from Brooklyn <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/10/us/gwyneth-paltrow-angelina-jolie-harvey-weinstein.html">wrote</a>:</em></p> <p>&nbsp;<br> It is disheartening to see so many comments already blaming women for not "speaking up." Please count yourself lucky that you've never had your career on the line based on whether or not you sleep with your boss. It has nothing to do with fame and riches; this happens to women making minimum wage in retail as well as women who fought through it to become CEOs.<br> &nbsp;<br> The psychology behind this kind of thing is not that complex, so please spare a moment to consider: Not only are these women made to feel humiliated and embarrassed, but in some cases if they had come forward, they not only would never work again, they also would be seen as whiners and "too sensitive."<br> &nbsp;<br> Both&nbsp;[actors Angelina] Jolie and [Gwyneth] Paltrow fended him off. Imagine if they made a big stink about it. They would have been ripped apart in the media! "Oh for goodness' sake, a dirty old man came on to you. You rejected him and moved on, why the fuss?"<br> &nbsp;<br> But, of course, now we insist on blaming them for "perpetuating" Weinstein's behavior. Please. The amount of cognitive dissonance* it must take to blame women for their own persecution is astounding. Note that the comments have not centered around Brad Pitt's not saying anything, though he knew about it with not one but TWO romantic partners.<br> &nbsp;<br> It is not the women's job to monitor men's behavior. We are doing the best we can with what we have to survive in a world that depends on our subjugation.<br> &nbsp;<br> &nbsp;<br> * cognitive dissonance: &nbsp;a psychological conflict resulting from a person holding opposing, incompatible beliefs and attitudes at the same time.<br> &nbsp;<br> <br clear="all"> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4>&nbsp;</h4> <h4>Handout #2</h4> <p><br> <strong>Environments That Permit or Facilitate Sexual Harassment and Abuse&nbsp;</strong><br> <strong>for Group 1</strong><br> &nbsp;<br> When popular culture and media use misogynistic* language, objectify* women’s bodies, and glamorize sexual violence, they help create a society that can more easily disregard women’s rights and safety, allowing for an environment that normalizes and excuses sexual harassment.<br> <br> This culture is all around us. "<a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the–intersect/wp/2017/10/07/when–did–you–meet–your–harvey–weinstein–thousands–share–workplace–sex–assault–stories–online/?utm_term=.667114114887">It permeates our politics</a>, our entertainment, our walks to school, our job interviews, our families, our social circles.<br> <br> In this culture, we ask victims of harassment and assault what they were wearing before asking the perpetrator why they did it. We ask how much someone’s had to drink, why they didn’t quit toxic jobs or report creepy teachers, or why they didn’t rearrange their lives to escape the pattern they managed to get themselves into.<br> <br> We remind people that "boys will be boys," or worse: that real boys and men aren’t victims of harassment, abuse and assault themselves; they are pressured into silence by a standard that uses dangerous sexual norms to measure one’s worth. &nbsp;This culture thrives on what we decide is "normal," reminding anyone who has suffered at the hands of it that they did something wrong.<br> <br> Challenging these norms can be frightening. But by verbalizing, communicating and supporting each other, we can call attention to it and get others to do so as well.<br> &nbsp;<br> <u>Definitions</u><br> * misogyny: a hatred of women&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br> * objectify: to treat as an object<br> &nbsp;<br> <strong>Discuss:</strong></p> <ul> <li>What are your thoughts and feelings about this piece?</li> <li>What, if anything, do you recognize in this piece?&nbsp;</li> <li>What, if anything, can you relate to in this piece?</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4>Handout #3</h4> <p><br> <strong>Environments That Permit or Facilitate Sexual Harassment and Abuse&nbsp;</strong><br> <strong>for Group 2</strong></p> <p>&nbsp;<br> When popular culture and media use misogynistic* language, objectify* women’s bodies, and glamorize sexual violence, they help create a society that can more easily disregard women’s rights and safety, allowing for an environment that normalizes and excuses sexual harassment.<br> &nbsp;<br> "Lacking physical evidence, adjudicating* accusations [of sexual harassment and abuse] is a murky business for journalists." <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/11/the-cosby-show/382891/">Ta-Nehisi Coates</a> writes, in an Atlantic article about the many charges of rape made against actor Bill Cosby. "But believing Bill Cosby does not require you to take one person's word over another—it requires you take one person's word over 15 others." Coates notes that powerful people become targets of all kinds of accusations—truths and lies.&nbsp; But when we tune out the women who accuse these men, we are ourselves guilty. &nbsp;He argues that it’s hard to believe that these men are serial abusers because it doesn’t just indict them, it indicts us.<br> &nbsp;<br> Writes Anna North in <a href="https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/10/10/16454954/harvey–weinstein–enablers">Vox</a>: "Ultimately, stopping sexual harassment, assault, and rape ... around the country isn’t just about denouncing Harvey Weinstein or other men accused of abuse, as many in Hollywood have already done. It’s also about dismantling the networks of silence that can keep abusers safe from consequences for decades. And to do that, those who have witnessed or survived abuse will need networks of their own."<br> &nbsp;<br> <u>Definitions</u><br> * misogyny: a hatred of women&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br> * objectify: to treat as an object<br> * adjudicate: to make a formal judgment or decision about a problem or disputed matter<br> &nbsp;<br> <strong>Discuss:</strong></p> <ul> <li>What are your thoughts and feelings about this piece?</li> <li>What, if anything, do you recognize in this piece?&nbsp;</li> <li>What, if anything, can you relate to in this piece?</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;<br clear="all"> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4>Handout #4</h4> <p><strong>Environments That Permit or Facilitate Sexual Harassment and Abuse&nbsp;</strong><br> <strong>for Group 3</strong><br> &nbsp;<br> When popular culture and media use misogynistic* language, objectify* women’s bodies, and glamorize sexual violence, they help create a society that can more easily disregard women’s rights and safety, allowing for an environment that normalizes and excuses sexual harassment.<br> &nbsp;<br> We "can take steps to encourage bystanders to take action," writes <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/george-b-cunningham-301204">George B. Cunningham</a>, Faculty Affiliate of the Women's and Gender Studies Program at Texas A&amp;M University. &nbsp;He writes that we can train people to speak up, encourage bystanders to do something, establish direct and anonymous lines for reporting sexist incidents ... "[People] should not fear negative reprisal or gossip when they do report harassment."<br> &nbsp;<br> "Finally," writes Cunningham, "bystanders are more likely to intervene in organizations that make their refusal to tolerate harassment clear. For that to happen, leaders must assert and demonstrate their commitment to harassment–free workplaces, enforce appropriate policies and train new employees accordingly.<br> &nbsp;<br> Until more people take a stand when they witness sexual harassment, it will continue ..."<br> &nbsp;<br> <u>Definitions</u><br> * misogyny: a hatred of women&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br> * objectify: to treat as an object<br> &nbsp;<br> <strong>Discuss</strong></p> <ul> <li>What are your thoughts and feelings about this piece?</li> <li>What, if anything, do you recognize in this piece?&nbsp;</li> <li>What, if anything, can you relate to in this piece?</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4><br> Handout #5:&nbsp;</h4> <p><strong>What does a culture that allows sexual harassment &amp; abuse look like?&nbsp;</strong><strong>What Can We Do to Interrupt It?</strong></p> <p><em>from <a href="http://www.marshall.edu/wcenter/sexual–assault/rape–culture/">Marshall University’s Women’s Center website</a>.</em></p> <p><br> <strong>Characteristics of a culture that allows sexual harassment and abuse to exist:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Blaming the victim ("She asked for it!")</li> <li>Trivializing sexual assault ("Boys will be boys!")</li> <li>Sexually explicit jokes</li> <li>Tolerance of sexual harassment</li> <li>Inflating false rape report statistics</li> <li>Publicly scrutinizing a victim’s dress, mental state, motives, and history</li> <li>Gratuitous violence against women in movies and television</li> <li>Defining "manhood" as dominant and sexually aggressive</li> <li>Defining "womanhood" as submissive and sexually passive</li> <li>Pressure on men to "score"</li> <li>Pressure on women to not appear "cold"</li> <li>Assuming only promiscuous women get raped</li> <li>Assuming that men don’t get raped or that only "weak" men get raped</li> <li>Refusing to take rape accusations seriously</li> <li>Teaching women to avoid getting raped instead of teaching men not to rape<br> &nbsp;</li> </ul> <p><strong>How we can combat such a culture:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Avoid using language that objectifies or degrades women</li> <li>Speak out if you hear someone else making an offensive joke or trivializing rape</li> <li>If a friend says she has been raped, take her seriously and be supportive</li> <li>Think critically about the media’s messages about women, men, relationships, and violence</li> <li>Be respectful of others’ physical space even in casual situations</li> <li>Always communicate with sexual partners and do not assume consent</li> <li>Define your own manhood or womanhood.&nbsp; Do not let stereotypes shape your actions.</li> <li>Get involved! Join a student or community group working to end violence against women.&nbsp;</li> </ul> <p>&nbsp;<br> <strong>Discuss</strong></p> <ul> <li>What are their thoughts and feelings about what’s in this handout?</li> <li>Which out of these characteristics are familiar to you?</li> <li>What actions have you taken to combat the kind of culture we’ve been discussing? &nbsp;&nbsp;</li> <li>Which actions can you commit to taking in the future?</li> <li>What might get in the way of taking these steps?</li> <li>Can you think of ways to overcome these obstacles?&nbsp;&nbsp;</li> </ul> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>fionta</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2017-10-30T13:54:01-04:00" title="Monday, October 30, 2017 - 13:54">October 30, 2017</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> Mon, 30 Oct 2017 17:54:01 +0000 fionta 297 at https://www.morningsidecenter.org Women's History: 'The Personal is Political' https://www.morningsidecenter.org/teachable-moment/lessons/womens-history-personal-political <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--title--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--title.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--title.html.twig * field--string.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <span>Women&#039;s History: &#039;The Personal is Political&#039;</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--title.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--body--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--node--body.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--body.html.twig * field--text-with-summary.html.twig x field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><h4>What does the phrase 'the personal is political' mean?</h4> <p><br> Write on the board or say:&nbsp; "The personal is political."</p> <p>Ask students:&nbsp;&nbsp; What do you think this term means?</p> <p>Chart students’ responses.</p> <p>Discuss with students the variety of meanings, including:</p> <ul> <li>Our personal experiences (say, of being disrespected or excluded) often reflect larger political realities in the world, including oppressive practices that need to be changed.</li> <li>Our efforts to strengthen ourselves or express our individuality can affect things in the broader world.</li> <li>More generally, there are no harsh lines between what we experience personally and the political, social world we live in. &nbsp;The two are interwoven.</li> </ul> <p>Ask students:&nbsp; What do you know about the origins of this expression?</p> <p>Tell students that this phrase expresses a key concept of the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s -- sometimes called "second-wave feminism." (First-wave feminism, including the movement for women’s right to vote, was in the late 1800s and early 1900s.)<br> &nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4>For additional consideration</h4> <p><br> Read and discuss the following quotes.</p> <p><strong>1. &nbsp;Carol Hanisch,</strong> reflecting on how she and other feminists experienced their fellow political activists during the late 1960s:</p> <p style="margin-left:.5in;">... they belittled us [feminists] no end for trying to bring our so-called ‘personal problems’ into the public arena—especially ‘all those body issues’ like sex, appearance, and abortion. Our demands that men share the housework and childcare were likewise deemed a personal problem between a woman and her individual man.</p> <p>Ask: How does this relate to the idea that "the personal is political"?</p> <p><br> <strong>2. &nbsp;Audre Lord</strong>, a Caribbean-American writer, feminist, lesbian and civil rights activist,&nbsp;writing&nbsp;in 1984:</p> <p style="margin-left:.5in;">Racism and homophobia are real conditions of all our lives in this place and time. I urge each one of us here to reach down into that deep place of knowledge inside herself and touch that terror and loathing of any difference that lives there. See whose face it wears. Then the personal as the political can begin to illuminate all our choices.</p> <p>Ask: What does she mean?</p> <p>In a go-round, ask students to share, if they like, one experience they’ve had that is personal, but that relates to a broader societal issue.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p> <hr> <h4>Sources<br> &nbsp;</h4> <p><a href="http://www.carolhanisch.org/CHwritings/PIP.html">http://www.carolhanisch.org/CHwritings/PIP.html</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.muhlenberg.edu/media/contentassets/pdf/campuslife/sdp%20reading%20lorde.pdf">http://www.muhlenberg.edu/media/contentassets/pdf/campuslife/sdp%20reading%20lorde.pdf</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </div> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/field/field.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--uid--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--uid.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--uid.html.twig * field--entity-reference.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'username' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> <span>fionta</span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/user/templates/username.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--uid.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'field' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * field--node--created--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig x field--node--created.html.twig * field--node--teachable-moment-lesson.html.twig * field--created.html.twig * field.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <span> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'time' --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> <time datetime="2015-03-07T14:28:32-05:00" title="Saturday, March 7, 2015 - 14:28">March 7, 2015</time> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/system/templates/time.html.twig' --> </span> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'core/modules/node/templates/field--node--created.html.twig' --> <!-- THEME DEBUG --> <!-- THEME HOOK: 'links__node' --> <!-- FILE NAME SUGGESTIONS: * links--node.html.twig x links.html.twig --> <!-- BEGIN OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> <!-- END OUTPUT from 'themes/contrib/bootstrap/templates/system/links.html.twig' --> Sat, 07 Mar 2015 19:28:32 +0000 fionta 479 at https://www.morningsidecenter.org